周三 28 二 2007
Title: 10 Linux commands you’ve never used
Posted by Jansfer under 随笔
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It takes years maybe decades to master the commands available to you at the Linux shell prompt. Here are 10 that you will have never heard of or used. They are in no particular order. My favorite is mkfifo.
\r\n- \r\n
- pgrep, instead of:
# ps -ef | egrep \’^root \’ | awk \’{print $2}\’\r\n1\r\n2\r\n3\r\n4\r\n5\r\n20\r\n21\r\n38\r\n39\r\n…\r\n\r\nYou can do this:
# pgrep -u root\r\n1\r\n2\r\n3\r\n4\r\n5\r\n20\r\n21\r\n38\r\n39\r\n…\r\n
\r\n - pstree, list the processes in a tree format. This can be VERY useful when working with WebSphere or other heavy duty applications.
# pstree\r\ninit-+-acpid\r\n |-atd\r\n |-crond\r\n |-cups-config-dae\r\n |-cupsd\r\n |-dbus-daemon-1\r\n |-dhclient\r\n |-events/0-+-aio/0\r\n | |-kacpid\r\n | |-kauditd\r\n | |-kblockd/0\r\n | |-khelper\r\n | |-kmirrord\r\n | `-2*[pdflush]\r\n |-gpm\r\n |-hald\r\n |-khubd\r\n |-2*[kjournald]\r\n |-klogd\r\n |-kseriod\r\n |-ksoftirqd/0\r\n |-kswapd0\r\n |-login—bash\r\n |-5*[mingetty]\r\n |-portmap\r\n |-rpc.idmapd\r\n |-rpc.statd\r\n |-2*[sendmail]\r\n |-smartd\r\n |-sshd—sshd—bash—pstree\r\n |-syslogd\r\n |-udevd\r\n |-vsftpd\r\n |-xfs\r\n `-xinetd\r\n
\r\n - bc is an arbitrary precision calculator language. Which is great. I found it useful in that it can perform square root operations in shell scrīpts. expr does not support square roots.
# ./sqrt\r\nUsage: sqrt number\r\n# ./sqrt 64\r\n8\r\n# ./sqrt 132112\r\n363\r\n# ./sqrt 1321121321\r\n36347\r\n
\r\nHere is the scrīpt:
# cat sqrt\r\n#!/bin/bash\r\nif [ $# -ne 1 ]\r\nthen\r\n echo \’Usage: sqrt number\’\r\n exit 1\r\nelse\r\n echo -e \”sqrt($1)\\nquit\\n\” | bc -q -i\r\nfi\r\n
\r\n - split, have a large file that you need to split into smaller chucks? A mysqldump maybe? split is your command. Below I split a 250MB file into 2 megabyte chunks all starting with the prefix LF_.
# ls -lh largefile\r\n-rw-r–r– 1 root root 251M Feb 19 10:27 largefile\r\n# split -b 2m largefile LF_\r\n# ls -lh LF_* | head -n 5\r\n-rw-r–r– 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_aa\r\n-rw-r–r– 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_ab\r\n-rw-r–r– 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_ac\r\n-rw-r–r– 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_ad\r\n-rw-r–r– 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_ae\r\n# ls -lh LF_* | wc -l\r\n126\r\n
\r\n - nl numbers lines. I had a scrīpt doing this for me for years until I found out about nl.
# head wireless.h\r\n/*\r\n * This file define a set of standard wireless extensions\r\n *\r\n * Version : 20 17.2.06\r\n *\r\n * Authors : Jean Tourrilhes – HPL\r\n * Copyright (c) 1997-2006 Jean Tourrilhes, All Rights Reserved.\r\n */\r\n\r\n#ifndef _LINUX_WIRELESS_H\r\n# nl wireless.h | head\r\n 1 /*\r\n 2 * This file define a set of standard wireless extensions\r\n 3 *\r\n 4 * Version : 20 17.2.06\r\n 5 *\r\n 6 * Authors : Jean Tourrilhes – HPL\r\n 7 * Copyright (c) 1997-2006 Jean Tourrilhes, All Rights Reserved.\r\n 8 */\r\n\r\n 9 #ifndef _LINUX_WIRELESS_H\r\n
\r\n - mkfifo is the coolest one. Sure you know how to create a pipeline piping the output of grep to less or maybe even perl. But do you know how to make two commands communicate through a named pipe?
\r\nFirst let me create the pipe and start writing to it:
pipe\” src=\”http://bashcurescancer.com/media/10-linux-commands-youve-never-used/mkfifo-write-to-pipe.png\” width=640> \r\n
Then read from it:
![\"cat](\"http://bashcurescancer.com/media/10-linux-commands-youve-never-used/read-from-pipe.png\" "\\"Reading")
\r\n - ldd, want to know which Linux thread library java is linked to?
# ldd /usr/java/jre1.5.0_11/bin/java\r\n libpthread.so.0 => /lib/tls/libpthread.so.0 (0x00bd4000)\r\n libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x00b87000)\r\n libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x00a5a000)\r\n /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00a3c000)\r\n
\r\n - col, want to save man pages as plain text?
# PAGER=cat\r\n# man less | col -b > less.txt\r\n
\r\n - xmlwf, need to know if a XML document is well formed? (A configuration file maybe..)
# curl -s \’http://bashcurescancer.com\’ > bcc.html\r\n# xmlwf bcc.html\r\n# perl -i -pe \’s@<br/>@<br>@g\’ bcc.html\r\n# xmlwf bcc.html\r\nbcc.html:104:2: mismatched tag\r\n
\r\n - lsof lists open files. You can do all kinds of cool things with this. Like find which ports are open:
# lsof | grep TCP\r\nportmap 2587 rpc 4u IPv4 5544 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN)\r\nrpc.statd 2606 root 6u IPv4 5585 TCP *:668 (LISTEN)\r\nsshd 2788 root 3u IPv6 5991 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)\r\nsendmail 2843 root 4u IPv4 6160 TCP badhd:smtp (LISTEN)\r\nvsftpd 9337 root 3u IPv4 34949 TCP *:ftp (LISTEN)\r\ncupsd 16459 root 0u IPv4 41061 TCP badhd:ipp (LISTEN)\r\nsshd 16892 root 3u IPv6 61003 TCP badhd.mshome.net:ssh->kontiki.mshome.net:4661 (ESTABLISHED)\r\n
\r\nNote: OpenBSD 101 pointed out that \”lsof -i TCP\” a better way to obtain this same information. Thanks!
\r\nOr find the number of open files a user has. Very important for running big applications like Oracle, DB2, or WebSphere:
# lsof | grep \’ root \’ | awk \’{print $NF}\’ | sort | uniq | wc -l\r\n179\r\nNote: an anonymous commenter pointed out that you can replace sort | uniq with \”sort -u\”. This is true, I forgot about the -u flag. Thanks!
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